Summary

Adds two independent, opt-in flags to gpbackup that let --incremental detect table-level changes by hashing physical-storage state rather than relying solely on AO modcount:

• --heap-file-hash — hashes each heap table's per-segment data-file mtime+size (via pg_stat_file() after a CHECKPOINT), so unchanged heap tables can be skipped from incremental for the first time. Default behavior — always include heap — is preserved when the flag is absent.
• --ao-file-hash — hashes the AO/AOCS table's pg_aoseg content rows (segno + eof + tupcount, deliberately excluding modcount). This gives partition-leaf change detection in GP5 (where parent modcount propagates across sibling partitions) and catches some modcount-doesn't-match-data edge cases. AOCS uses a Cloudberry-aware column set (vpinfo when !IsGPDB(), otherwise the GP6+ schema).

Both flags require --leaf-partition-data or --incremental (validated in validate.go).

Motivation

Two long-standing gaps in incremental backup:

1. Heap tables had no change detection at all — every incremental backup re-copied every heap table, regardless of whether the data file changed. For deployments with a few large mostly-static heap tables, this dominates incremental wall-time and storage.
2. AO modcount is sometimes wrong — on GP5-style storage, the parent partition's modcount is the sum across children, so a single child write makes every sibling appear changed. This PR ports the algorithm originally developed in cloudberry-fe/gpbackup-enhanced into Apache Cloudberry-backup with conventions cleaned up and lint compliance.

Approach

• Catalog metadata for change detection lives in the TOC — IncrementalEntries.AO already exists; this PR adds an optional Heap map and an optional FileHashMD5 field to AOEntry, both yaml:",omitempty". TOCs written without the new flags are bytewise identical to today's. Older gprestore reads new TOCs without issue (extra fields ignored).
• Hash collection runs on a dedicated dbconn so a per-table query failure doesn't abort the backup transaction. The heap path also issues a CHECKPOINT first to flush dirty pages, so pg_stat_file mtime/size reflect data state and not just buffer state.
• The heap path uses pg_relation_filepath(oid) rather than constructing the on-disk path manually — this avoids the very-easy-to-get-wrong pg_tblspc/<oid>/PG_<major>_<catver>/... path inside the plpgsql helper and is robust across PG/Cloudberry versions and tablespaces.
• OID is passed to the plpgsql helper (not schema/table strings), so SQL escaping isn't a concern and identifiers with embedded quotes just work.
• FilterTablesForIncremental branches independently on each flag. When neither flag is set, control flow is logically identical to the previous version (AO compared by modcount + DDL timestamp; heap unconditionally included).

Files changed

Backward compatibility

Fully compatible.

• Without the new flags: behavior matches the prior release exactly. The default code path is reduced to the same comparison logic as the old FilterTablesForIncremental.
• TOC schema additions are all yaml:",omitempty". Old TOCs deserialize into the new structs; new TOCs without these flags serialize bytewise-identically to the old format.
• gp_toolkit.gpbackup_file_info is only created when --heap-file-hash is used; if a previous gpbackup version installed an older (text, text) signature, the setup path drops it first (DROP FUNCTION IF EXISTS ... (text, text)).

How tested

• make build: 5 binaries built cleanly.
• make lint: no new findings attributable to this change (pre-existing errcheck/unparam issues in unrelated files are unchanged).
• make unit: all 13 Ginkgo suites pass.
• make end_to_end: 162 / 196 active specs PASS / 0 regressions traceable to this change. The 34 failures are all environmental (gpbackman binary path, leftover test_queue/test_tablespace between specs, and one test that creates tables without USING heap on a cluster whose default access method is ao_row).
• Targeted live e2e on Cloudberry 2.5.0 — mixed schema with heap, AO row, AOCS, and partitioned AO; full + mutate + incremental cycle with both flags. Verified: changed tables included, unchanged tables skipped, partition-leaf granularity correct (one leaf included, sibling skipped), restore round-trip row counts match across all tables.
• Targeted live e2e on Synxdb 4.5.0-rc.3 with custom tablespace — additionally verified that heap tables in a non-default tablespace are correctly detected as changed/unchanged. This is the empirical proof that pg_relation_filepath() handles the tablespace path correctly — without it, custom-tablespace heap would silently break in incremental detection.

The e2e scripts used for verification are reproducible; happy to commit them into end_to_end/ as a follow-up if reviewers want a regression test for the feature.

Contributor's checklist

• Commits are logical units (one feat, one follow-up fix from code review).
• CI is expected to pass: rat-check, build_and_unit_test, smoke/unit/integration/end_to_end/s3_plugin_e2e/regression/scale.
• Code follows existing style; gofmt / goimports clean.
• Squash if reviewers prefer a single commit — happy to do either.
• Signed-off-by not currently included; will amend if reviewers want DCO.